Migration in São Bernardo/MA (2017–2022)

São Bernardo/MA had a reference population (aged 5 or over in 2022) of 24,970 people. In the 2017–2022 five-year period, the municipality received 880 in-migrants and lost 2,185 out-migrants to other municipalities in Brazil, resulting in a net migration of −1,305 people (−52.19 per 1,000 population) and a migration effectiveness index (IEM) of −0.426. This classifies the municipality, for the period, as one of migratory depletion. In addition, 10 arrived with an unreported origin and 0 came from abroad.

Indicators

Migration indicators for São Bernardo/MA, 2017–2022
Indicator	Estimate	95% CI	Precision
In-migrants	880	620 to 1,140	use with caution
Out-migrants	2,185	1,700 to 2,670	good
Net migration	−1,305	−1,856 to −754	not classified
Net migration rate, TLM (per 1,000 pop.)	−52.19	-	-
Migration effectiveness index (IEM)	−0.426	-	-

Sample of in-migrants: 50-99 observations. Sample of out-migrants: 100-499 observations. 95% confidence interval computed as estimate ± 1.96 × standard error.

Top origins and destinations

Top 10 origins of in-migrants to São Bernardo/MA
Origin	People	Precision
São Luís/MA · view pair in the atlas	85	low precision
Santana do Maranhão/MA · view pair in the atlas	75	low precision
Brasília/DF · view pair in the atlas	45	low precision

Top 10 destinations of out-migrants from São Bernardo/MA
Destination	People	Precision
Parnaíba/PI · view pair in the atlas	275	low precision
Santana do Maranhão/MA · view pair in the atlas	125	low precision
São Luís/MA · view pair in the atlas	120	low precision
Magalhães de Almeida/MA · view pair in the atlas	80	low precision
Santa Isabel do Ivaí/PR · view pair in the atlas	50	low precision
Água Doce do Maranhão/MA · view pair in the atlas	35	low precision
Ipuã/SP · view pair in the atlas	25	low precision
Joca Marques/PI · view pair in the atlas	15	low precision

Profile of migrants and residents

In-migrants (arrivals)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	365	41.7%	20-49
Multi-step migration	335	38.3%	20-49
Return to municipality of birth	165	18.9%	5-19
Other / suppressed	10	1.1%	<5

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	200	43.0%	5-19
No schooling or incomplete elementary	150	32.3%	5-19
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	75	16.1%	5-19
Other / suppressed	40	8.6%	<5

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
¼ to ½ minimum wage	330	37.5%	20-49
½ to 1 minimum wage	270	30.7%	20-49
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	200	22.7%	5-19
Other / suppressed	80	9.1%	5-19

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 15–24, female	215	24.4%	5-19
Ages 25–39, female	165	18.8%	5-19
Ages 25–39, male	140	15.9%	5-19
Other / suppressed	85	9.7%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	80	9.1%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	75	8.5%	5-19
Ages 15–24, male	65	7.4%	5-19
Ages 5–14, female	55	6.2%	5-19

Out-migrants (departures)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	1,480	67.7%	100-499
Multi-step migration	465	21.3%	50-99
Return to municipality of birth	240	11.0%	20-49

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	475	40.6%	50-99
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	400	34.2%	20-49
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	180	15.4%	20-49
Completed higher education	115	9.8%	5-19

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
¼ to ½ minimum wage	645	29.7%	50-99
½ to 1 minimum wage	605	27.8%	50-99
1 to 2 minimum wages	470	21.6%	20-49
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	390	17.9%	20-49
More than 2 minimum wages	60	2.8%	5-19
Other / suppressed	5	0.2%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	440	20.1%	20-49
Ages 25–39, male	430	19.7%	20-49
Ages 15–24, male	325	14.9%	20-49
Ages 15–24, female	315	14.4%	20-49
Ages 5–14, male	220	10.1%	20-49
Ages 5–14, female	155	7.1%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	125	5.7%	5-19
Ages 40–59, female	110	5.0%	5-19
Ages 60 and over, male	35	1.6%	5-19
Other / suppressed	30	1.4%	<5

Non-migrant residents

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	8,815	58.7%	>=500
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	3,590	23.9%	100-499
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	1,660	11.1%	100-499
Completed higher education	955	6.4%	50-99

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	8,775	33.7%	>=500
¼ to ½ minimum wage	8,405	32.3%	>=500
½ to 1 minimum wage	6,690	25.7%	>=500
1 to 2 minimum wages	1,615	6.2%	100-499
More than 2 minimum wages	565	2.2%	50-99

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	3,010	12.5%	100-499
Ages 40–59, male	2,920	12.1%	100-499
Ages 40–59, female	2,875	11.9%	100-499
Ages 25–39, male	2,820	11.7%	100-499
Ages 15–24, male	2,395	9.9%	100-499
Ages 5–14, male	2,300	9.6%	100-499
Ages 15–24, female	2,220	9.2%	100-499
Ages 5–14, female	2,150	8.9%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, female	1,780	7.4%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, male	1,610	6.7%	100-499

Commuting (work and study)

Commuting indicators for São Bernardo/MA
Employed persons (aged 10 and over)	7,315
Commute out to work in another municipality	345
Commute in from another municipality to work here	330
Net commuting	−15
Out-commuting rate (%)	4.71
Commuting attraction index	0.972
Median commuting time	60 min

Open São Bernardo/MA in the interactive atlas →

Methodological note

Estimates from the sample microdata of the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE, controlled access), fixed-date migration question (residence on July 31, 2017 compared with residence on July 31, 2022). Every estimate is rounded to multiples of 5 and has passed statistical disclosure control (no cell with fewer than 5 people or 3 sampled households). See the full methodology and the glossary.

How to cite this page

Daniel Pessini Sobreira. Atlas da migração interna no Brasil [Atlas of internal migration in Brazil]: São Bernardo/MA. Data from the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE). Data version: 2026-10-01. Available at: https://atlas-da-migracao.github.io/en/municipio/sao-bernardo-ma-2110609/. Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22469791.