Migration in Penalva/MA (2017–2022)

Penalva/MA had a reference population (aged 5 or over in 2022) of 29,465 people. In the 2017–2022 five-year period, the municipality received 1,085 in-migrants and lost 4,205 out-migrants to other municipalities in Brazil, resulting in a net migration of −3,120 people (−105.88 per 1,000 population) and a migration effectiveness index (IEM) of −0.590. This classifies the municipality, for the period, as one of migratory depletion. In addition, 40 arrived with an unreported origin and 0 came from abroad.

Indicators

Migration indicators for Penalva/MA, 2017–2022
Indicator	Estimate	95% CI	Precision
In-migrants	1,085	790 to 1,380	good
Out-migrants	4,205	3,407 to 5,003	good
Net migration	−3,120	−3,970 to −2,270	not classified
Net migration rate, TLM (per 1,000 pop.)	−105.88	-	-
Migration effectiveness index (IEM)	−0.590	-	-

Sample of in-migrants: 100-499 observations. Sample of out-migrants: 100-499 observations. 95% confidence interval computed as estimate ± 1.96 × standard error.

Top origins and destinations

Top 10 origins of in-migrants to Penalva/MA
Origin	People	Precision
São Luís/MA · view pair in the atlas	330	use with caution
Viana/MA · view pair in the atlas	125	low precision
Monção/MA · view pair in the atlas	50	low precision
Pindaré-Mirim/MA · view pair in the atlas	50	low precision

Top 10 destinations of out-migrants from Penalva/MA
Destination	People	Precision
São Luís/MA · view pair in the atlas	855	low precision
São José do Rio Preto/SP · view pair in the atlas	530	use with caution
Votuporanga/SP · view pair in the atlas	455	use with caution
Viana/MA · view pair in the atlas	220	low precision
Zé Doca/MA · view pair in the atlas	125	low precision
Parauapebas/PA · view pair in the atlas	120	low precision
Matinha/MA · view pair in the atlas	80	low precision
Monção/MA · view pair in the atlas	80	low precision
São José de Ribamar/MA · view pair in the atlas	75	low precision
General Salgado/SP · view pair in the atlas	75	low precision

Profile of migrants and residents

In-migrants (arrivals)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Return to municipality of birth	465	42.9%	20-49
First move from municipality of birth	460	42.4%	20-49
Multi-step migration	160	14.7%	5-19

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	275	41.7%	20-49
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	225	34.1%	20-49
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	115	17.4%	5-19
Other / suppressed	45	6.8%	<5

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	455	41.9%	20-49
¼ to ½ minimum wage	260	24.0%	20-49
½ to 1 minimum wage	210	19.4%	20-49
1 to 2 minimum wages	105	9.7%	5-19
More than 2 minimum wages	55	5.1%	5-19

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, male	190	17.5%	5-19
Ages 25–39, female	185	17.1%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	140	12.9%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	140	12.9%	5-19
Ages 15–24, female	130	12.0%	5-19
Ages 40–59, female	110	10.1%	5-19
Ages 15–24, male	95	8.8%	5-19
Ages 5–14, female	55	5.1%	5-19
Other / suppressed	40	3.7%	<5

Out-migrants (departures)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	3,250	77.3%	100-499
Multi-step migration	605	14.4%	50-99
Return to municipality of birth	350	8.3%	20-49

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	755	40.7%	50-99
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	555	29.9%	50-99
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	430	23.2%	20-49
Completed higher education	115	6.2%	5-19

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
½ to 1 minimum wage	1,525	36.2%	100-499
¼ to ½ minimum wage	910	21.6%	50-99
1 to 2 minimum wages	905	21.5%	50-99
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	730	17.3%	50-99
More than 2 minimum wages	135	3.2%	5-19
Other / suppressed	5	0.1%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 15–24, female	815	19.3%	50-99
Ages 15–24, male	680	16.1%	50-99
Ages 25–39, female	565	13.4%	50-99
Ages 25–39, male	545	12.9%	50-99
Ages 5–14, male	450	10.7%	20-49
Ages 5–14, female	415	9.8%	20-49
Ages 40–59, female	325	7.7%	20-49
Ages 40–59, male	275	6.5%	20-49
Ages 60 and over, female	95	2.3%	5-19
Ages 60 and over, male	50	1.2%	5-19

Non-migrant residents

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	9,935	58.8%	>=500
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	3,070	18.2%	100-499
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	2,980	17.6%	100-499
Completed higher education	905	5.4%	50-99

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	13,035	41.5%	>=500
¼ to ½ minimum wage	9,730	31.0%	>=500
½ to 1 minimum wage	6,320	20.1%	>=500
1 to 2 minimum wages	1,845	5.9%	100-499
More than 2 minimum wages	445	1.4%	20-49
Other / suppressed	5	0.0%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	3,380	11.9%	100-499
Ages 40–59, female	3,250	11.5%	100-499
Ages 25–39, male	3,160	11.2%	100-499
Ages 5–14, female	3,100	10.9%	100-499
Ages 40–59, male	3,100	10.9%	100-499
Ages 5–14, male	2,950	10.4%	100-499
Ages 15–24, male	2,805	9.9%	100-499
Ages 15–24, female	2,600	9.2%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, female	2,105	7.4%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, male	1,890	6.7%	100-499

Commuting (work and study)

Commuting indicators for Penalva/MA
Employed persons (aged 10 and over)	8,935
Commute out to work in another municipality	315
Commute in from another municipality to work here	230
Net commuting	−80
Out-commuting rate (%)	3.50
Commuting attraction index	0.968
Median commuting time	60 min

Open Penalva/MA in the interactive atlas →

Methodological note

Estimates from the sample microdata of the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE, controlled access), fixed-date migration question (residence on July 31, 2017 compared with residence on July 31, 2022). Every estimate is rounded to multiples of 5 and has passed statistical disclosure control (no cell with fewer than 5 people or 3 sampled households). See the full methodology and the glossary.

How to cite this page

Daniel Pessini Sobreira. Atlas da migração interna no Brasil [Atlas of internal migration in Brazil]: Penalva/MA. Data from the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE). Data version: 2026-10-01. Available at: https://atlas-da-migracao.github.io/en/municipio/penalva-ma-2108306/. Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22469791.