Migration in Primeira Cruz/MA (2017–2022)

Primeira Cruz/MA had a reference population (aged 5 or over in 2022) of 12,380 people. In the 2017–2022 five-year period, the municipality received 335 in-migrants and lost 960 out-migrants to other municipalities in Brazil, resulting in a net migration of −625 people (−50.59 per 1,000 population) and a migration effectiveness index (IEM) of −0.484. This classifies the municipality, for the period, as one of migratory depletion. In addition, 0 arrived with an unreported origin and 5 came from abroad.

Indicators

Migration indicators for Primeira Cruz/MA, 2017–2022
Indicator	Estimate	95% CI	Precision
In-migrants	335	220 to 450	use with caution
Out-migrants	960	610 to 1,310	use with caution
Net migration	−625	−993 to −257	not classified
Net migration rate, TLM (per 1,000 pop.)	−50.59	-	-
Migration effectiveness index (IEM)	−0.484	-	-

Sample of in-migrants: 50-99 observations. Sample of out-migrants: 100-499 observations. 95% confidence interval computed as estimate ± 1.96 × standard error.

Top origins and destinations

Top 10 origins of in-migrants to Primeira Cruz/MA
Origin	People	Precision
São Luís/MA · view pair in the atlas	160	use with caution
São José de Ribamar/MA · view pair in the atlas	45	low precision
Santo Amaro do Maranhão/MA · view pair in the atlas	25	low precision
Humberto de Campos/MA · view pair in the atlas	25	low precision

Top 10 destinations of out-migrants from Primeira Cruz/MA
Destination	People	Precision
São Luís/MA · view pair in the atlas	160	low precision
Humberto de Campos/MA · view pair in the atlas	150	low precision
São José de Ribamar/MA · view pair in the atlas	125	low precision
Barreirinhas/MA · view pair in the atlas	90	low precision
Santo Amaro do Maranhão/MA · view pair in the atlas	85	low precision
Paço do Lumiar/MA · view pair in the atlas	85	low precision

Profile of migrants and residents

In-migrants (arrivals)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	170	51.5%	20-49
Return to municipality of birth	95	28.8%	5-19
Multi-step migration	65	19.7%	5-19

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	75	50.0%	5-19
No schooling or incomplete elementary	30	20.0%	5-19
Completed higher education	30	20.0%	5-19
Other / suppressed	15	10.0%	<5

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	150	44.8%	20-49
¼ to ½ minimum wage	100	29.9%	20-49
½ to 1 minimum wage	45	13.4%	5-19
Other / suppressed	40	11.9%	5-19

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 5–14, female	55	16.4%	5-19
Ages 25–39, female	50	14.9%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	50	14.9%	5-19
Ages 15–24, female	45	13.4%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	40	11.9%	5-19
Ages 25–39, male	40	11.9%	5-19
Ages 15–24, male	35	10.4%	5-19
Other / suppressed	20	6.0%	<5

Out-migrants (departures)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	880	91.7%	50-99
Multi-step migration	45	4.7%	5-19
Return to municipality of birth	35	3.6%	5-19

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	155	39.2%	5-19
No schooling or incomplete elementary	130	32.9%	5-19
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	110	27.8%	5-19

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
¼ to ½ minimum wage	370	38.5%	20-49
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	350	36.5%	20-49
½ to 1 minimum wage	145	15.1%	5-19
1 to 2 minimum wages	50	5.2%	5-19
Other / suppressed	45	4.7%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 15–24, female	250	26.2%	20-49
Ages 15–24, male	155	16.2%	5-19
Ages 25–39, male	130	13.6%	5-19
Ages 25–39, female	115	12.0%	5-19
Ages 5–14, female	80	8.4%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	80	8.4%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	70	7.3%	5-19
Other / suppressed	50	5.2%	5-19
Ages 40–59, female	25	2.6%	5-19

Non-migrant residents

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	4,190	60.9%	>=500
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	1,565	22.8%	100-499
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	755	11.0%	100-499
Completed higher education	365	5.3%	50-99

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	7,145	53.8%	>=500
¼ to ½ minimum wage	3,970	29.9%	>=500
½ to 1 minimum wage	1,795	13.5%	100-499
1 to 2 minimum wages	240	1.8%	50-99
More than 2 minimum wages	120	0.9%	20-49

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 15–24, male	1,480	12.3%	100-499
Ages 25–39, male	1,465	12.2%	100-499
Ages 40–59, male	1,410	11.7%	100-499
Ages 25–39, female	1,320	11.0%	100-499
Ages 5–14, male	1,275	10.6%	100-499
Ages 40–59, female	1,230	10.2%	100-499
Ages 5–14, female	1,220	10.1%	100-499
Ages 15–24, female	1,185	9.8%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, male	755	6.3%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, female	700	5.8%	100-499

Commuting (work and study)

Commuting indicators for Primeira Cruz/MA
Employed persons (aged 10 and over)	1,740
Commute out to work in another municipality	55
Commute in from another municipality to work here	80
Net commuting	+25
Out-commuting rate (%)	3.30
Commuting attraction index	1.004
Median commuting time	30 min

Open Primeira Cruz/MA in the interactive atlas →

Methodological note

Estimates from the sample microdata of the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE, controlled access), fixed-date migration question (residence on July 31, 2017 compared with residence on July 31, 2022). Every estimate is rounded to multiples of 5 and has passed statistical disclosure control (no cell with fewer than 5 people or 3 sampled households). See the full methodology and the glossary.

How to cite this page

Daniel Pessini Sobreira. Atlas da migração interna no Brasil [Atlas of internal migration in Brazil]: Primeira Cruz/MA. Data from the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE). Data version: 2026-10-01. Available at: https://atlas-da-migracao.github.io/en/municipio/primeira-cruz-ma-2109403/. Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22469791.