Migration in Carolina/MA (2017–2022)

Carolina/MA had a reference population (aged 5 or over in 2022) of 22,340 people. In the 2017–2022 five-year period, the municipality received 1,450 in-migrants and lost 2,305 out-migrants to other municipalities in Brazil, resulting in a net migration of −860 people (−38.44 per 1,000 population) and a migration effectiveness index (IEM) of −0.229. This classifies the municipality, for the period, as one of migratory depletion. In addition, 20 arrived with an unreported origin and 0 came from abroad.

Indicators

Migration indicators for Carolina/MA, 2017–2022
Indicator	Estimate	95% CI	Precision
In-migrants	1,450	1,087 to 1,813	good
Out-migrants	2,305	1,811 to 2,799	good
Net migration	−860	−1,473 to −247	not classified
Net migration rate, TLM (per 1,000 pop.)	−38.44	-	-
Migration effectiveness index (IEM)	−0.229	-	-

Sample of in-migrants: 100-499 observations. Sample of out-migrants: 100-499 observations. 95% confidence interval computed as estimate ± 1.96 × standard error.

Top origins and destinations

Top 10 origins of in-migrants to Carolina/MA
Origin	People	Precision
Goiânia/GO · view pair in the atlas	235	low precision
Araguaína/TO · view pair in the atlas	180	low precision
Brasília/DF · view pair in the atlas	155	low precision
Riachão/MA · view pair in the atlas	135	low precision

Top 10 destinations of out-migrants from Carolina/MA
Destination	People	Precision
Araguaína/TO · view pair in the atlas	225	low precision
Balsas/MA · view pair in the atlas	205	low precision
Estreito/MA · view pair in the atlas	165	low precision
Goiânia/GO · view pair in the atlas	155	low precision
Palmas/TO · view pair in the atlas	130	low precision
Trindade/GO · view pair in the atlas	120	low precision
Filadélfia/TO · view pair in the atlas	105	low precision
Riachão/MA · view pair in the atlas	75	low precision
Imperatriz/MA · view pair in the atlas	75	low precision
Goiatins/TO · view pair in the atlas	50	low precision

Profile of migrants and residents

In-migrants (arrivals)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	505	34.8%	50-99
Return to municipality of birth	490	33.8%	20-49
Multi-step migration	455	31.4%	20-49

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	280	36.6%	20-49
No schooling or incomplete elementary	225	29.4%	20-49
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	135	17.6%	5-19
Completed higher education	125	16.3%	5-19

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
¼ to ½ minimum wage	435	30.0%	20-49
½ to 1 minimum wage	405	27.9%	20-49
1 to 2 minimum wages	285	19.7%	20-49
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	175	12.1%	20-49
More than 2 minimum wages	95	6.6%	5-19
Other / suppressed	55	3.8%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	235	16.2%	20-49
Ages 15–24, male	200	13.8%	5-19
Ages 15–24, female	180	12.4%	5-19
Ages 25–39, male	160	11.0%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	160	11.0%	5-19
Ages 5–14, female	160	11.0%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	145	10.0%	5-19
Ages 40–59, female	130	9.0%	5-19
Ages 60 and over, male	55	3.8%	5-19
Other / suppressed	25	1.7%	<5

Out-migrants (departures)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	1,445	62.7%	100-499
Multi-step migration	730	31.7%	50-99
Return to municipality of birth	130	5.6%	5-19

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	505	40.9%	50-99
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	300	24.3%	20-49
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	240	19.4%	20-49
Completed higher education	190	15.4%	5-19

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
½ to 1 minimum wage	675	29.2%	50-99
¼ to ½ minimum wage	575	24.8%	50-99
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	455	19.7%	50-99
1 to 2 minimum wages	435	18.8%	20-49
More than 2 minimum wages	170	7.3%	5-19
Other / suppressed	5	0.2%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, male	370	16.1%	20-49
Ages 25–39, female	355	15.4%	20-49
Ages 15–24, female	325	14.1%	20-49
Ages 15–24, male	290	12.6%	20-49
Ages 5–14, male	230	10.0%	20-49
Ages 5–14, female	225	9.8%	20-49
Ages 40–59, female	205	8.9%	20-49
Ages 40–59, male	180	7.8%	20-49
Ages 60 and over, male	70	3.0%	5-19
Ages 60 and over, female	55	2.4%	5-19

Non-migrant residents

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	7,095	52.1%	>=500
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	3,145	23.1%	100-499
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	1,705	12.5%	100-499
Completed higher education	1,660	12.2%	100-499

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
½ to 1 minimum wage	8,385	37.1%	>=500
¼ to ½ minimum wage	6,230	27.6%	>=500
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	3,675	16.3%	100-499
1 to 2 minimum wages	3,140	13.9%	100-499
More than 2 minimum wages	1,110	4.9%	100-499
Other / suppressed	55	0.2%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 40–59, female	2,655	12.7%	100-499
Ages 40–59, male	2,615	12.5%	100-499
Ages 25–39, male	2,435	11.7%	100-499
Ages 25–39, female	2,310	11.1%	100-499
Ages 5–14, male	1,945	9.3%	100-499
Ages 15–24, male	1,890	9.1%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, female	1,870	9.0%	100-499
Ages 5–14, female	1,750	8.4%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, male	1,725	8.3%	100-499
Ages 15–24, female	1,680	8.0%	100-499

Commuting (work and study)

Commuting indicators for Carolina/MA
Employed persons (aged 10 and over)	9,750
Commute out to work in another municipality	410
Commute in from another municipality to work here	335
Net commuting	−75
Out-commuting rate (%)	4.21
Commuting attraction index	0.973
Median commuting time	60 min

This municipality is part of Região Metropolitana do Sudoeste Maranhense → see the metropolitan region page

Open Carolina/MA in the interactive atlas →

Methodological note

Estimates from the sample microdata of the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE, controlled access), fixed-date migration question (residence on July 31, 2017 compared with residence on July 31, 2022). Every estimate is rounded to multiples of 5 and has passed statistical disclosure control (no cell with fewer than 5 people or 3 sampled households). See the full methodology and the glossary.

How to cite this page

Daniel Pessini Sobreira. Atlas da migração interna no Brasil [Atlas of internal migration in Brazil]: Carolina/MA. Data from the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE). Data version: 2026-10-01. Available at: https://atlas-da-migracao.github.io/en/municipio/carolina-ma-2102804/. Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22469791.