Migration in Penha/SC (2017–2022)

Penha/SC had a reference population (aged 5 or over in 2022) of 31,555 people. In the 2017–2022 five-year period, the municipality received 5,545 in-migrants and lost 2,835 out-migrants to other municipalities in Brazil, resulting in a net migration of +2,715 people (85.97 per 1,000 population) and a migration effectiveness index (IEM) of 0.324. This classifies the municipality, for the period, as one of migratory attraction. In addition, 10 arrived with an unreported origin and 115 came from abroad.

Indicators

Migration indicators for Penha/SC, 2017–2022
Indicator	Estimate	95% CI	Precision
In-migrants	5,545	4,759 to 6,331	good
Out-migrants	2,835	2,288 to 3,382	good
Net migration	+2,715	1,758 to 3,672	not classified
Net migration rate, TLM (per 1,000 pop.)	85.97	-	-
Migration effectiveness index (IEM)	0.324	-	-

Sample of in-migrants: >=500 observations. Sample of out-migrants: 100-499 observations. 95% confidence interval computed as estimate ± 1.96 × standard error.

Top origins and destinations

Top 10 origins of in-migrants to Penha/SC
Origin	People	Precision
Itajaí/SC · view pair in the atlas	495	use with caution
Blumenau/SC · view pair in the atlas	455	use with caution
Balneário Piçarras/SC · view pair in the atlas	260	low precision
Curitiba/PR · view pair in the atlas	245	low precision
Joinville/SC · view pair in the atlas	240	low precision
Navegantes/SC · view pair in the atlas	230	low precision
Gaspar/SC · view pair in the atlas	210	low precision
Alto Alegre do Maranhão/MA · view pair in the atlas	175	low precision
Brusque/SC · view pair in the atlas	145	low precision
Balneário Camboriú/SC · view pair in the atlas	130	low precision

Top 10 destinations of out-migrants from Penha/SC
Destination	People	Precision
Navegantes/SC · view pair in the atlas	370	use with caution
Balneário Piçarras/SC · view pair in the atlas	205	low precision
Itajaí/SC · view pair in the atlas	170	low precision
Barra Velha/SC · view pair in the atlas	150	low precision
Blumenau/SC · view pair in the atlas	105	low precision
Jaraguá do Sul/SC · view pair in the atlas	90	low precision
Balneário Camboriú/SC · view pair in the atlas	50	low precision
Lontras/SC · view pair in the atlas	45	low precision
Ilhota/SC · view pair in the atlas	40	low precision

Profile of migrants and residents

In-migrants (arrivals)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Multi-step migration	2,980	53.7%	100-499
First move from municipality of birth	2,405	43.3%	100-499
Return to municipality of birth	135	2.4%	5-19
Other / suppressed	30	0.5%	<5

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	1,395	37.9%	100-499
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	785	21.3%	50-99
No schooling or incomplete elementary	750	20.4%	50-99
Completed higher education	750	20.4%	50-99

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
1 to 2 minimum wages	2,140	38.6%	100-499
½ to 1 minimum wage	1,735	31.3%	100-499
More than 2 minimum wages	1,200	21.6%	100-499
¼ to ½ minimum wage	380	6.8%	20-49
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	85	1.5%	5-19
Other / suppressed	10	0.2%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, male	850	15.3%	50-99
Ages 40–59, female	735	13.3%	50-99
Ages 25–39, female	730	13.2%	50-99
Ages 40–59, male	640	11.5%	50-99
Ages 15–24, female	500	9.0%	20-49
Ages 15–24, male	490	8.8%	20-49
Ages 5–14, female	450	8.1%	20-49
Ages 5–14, male	430	7.8%	20-49
Ages 60 and over, male	390	7.0%	20-49
Ages 60 and over, female	330	6.0%	20-49

Out-migrants (departures)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Multi-step migration	1,840	64.9%	100-499
Return to municipality of birth	610	21.5%	50-99
First move from municipality of birth	340	12.0%	20-49
Other / suppressed	45	1.6%	<5

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	880	50.4%	50-99
Completed higher education	365	20.9%	20-49
No schooling or incomplete elementary	310	17.8%	20-49
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	190	10.9%	20-49

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
1 to 2 minimum wages	990	34.9%	100-499
More than 2 minimum wages	835	29.5%	50-99
½ to 1 minimum wage	625	22.0%	50-99
¼ to ½ minimum wage	310	10.9%	20-49
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	75	2.6%	5-19

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	485	17.1%	50-99
Ages 25–39, male	365	12.9%	20-49
Ages 40–59, male	340	12.0%	20-49
Ages 40–59, female	310	11.0%	20-49
Ages 5–14, female	295	10.4%	20-49
Ages 5–14, male	270	9.5%	20-49
Ages 15–24, female	265	9.4%	20-49
Ages 15–24, male	250	8.8%	20-49
Ages 60 and over, female	125	4.4%	5-19
Ages 60 and over, male	125	4.4%	5-19

Non-migrant residents

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	6,465	34.2%	>=500
No schooling or incomplete elementary	6,130	32.4%	>=500
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	3,595	19.0%	100-499
Completed higher education	2,710	14.3%	100-499

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
1 to 2 minimum wages	10,695	38.2%	>=500
½ to 1 minimum wage	8,895	31.8%	>=500
More than 2 minimum wages	4,910	17.5%	100-499
¼ to ½ minimum wage	2,725	9.7%	100-499
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	745	2.7%	50-99
Other / suppressed	15	0.1%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 40–59, female	3,960	15.3%	100-499
Ages 40–59, male	3,760	14.5%	100-499
Ages 25–39, female	3,155	12.2%	100-499
Ages 25–39, male	2,970	11.5%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, female	2,815	10.9%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, male	2,235	8.6%	100-499
Ages 5–14, male	1,785	6.9%	100-499
Ages 15–24, female	1,780	6.9%	100-499
Ages 15–24, male	1,750	6.8%	100-499
Ages 5–14, female	1,680	6.5%	100-499

Commuting (work and study)

Commuting indicators for Penha/SC
Employed persons (aged 10 and over)	15,980
Commute out to work in another municipality	3,230
Commute in from another municipality to work here	2,145
Net commuting	−1,085
Out-commuting rate (%)	20.20
Commuting attraction index	0.890
Median commuting time	30 min

This municipality is part of Região Metropolitana da Foz do Rio Itajaí → see the metropolitan region page

Open Penha/SC in the interactive atlas →

Methodological note

Estimates from the sample microdata of the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE, controlled access), fixed-date migration question (residence on July 31, 2017 compared with residence on July 31, 2022). Every estimate is rounded to multiples of 5 and has passed statistical disclosure control (no cell with fewer than 5 people or 3 sampled households). See the full methodology and the glossary.

How to cite this page

Daniel Pessini Sobreira. Atlas da migração interna no Brasil [Atlas of internal migration in Brazil]: Penha/SC. Data from the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE). Data version: 2026-10-01. Available at: https://atlas-da-migracao.github.io/en/municipio/penha-sc-4212502/. Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22469791.