Migration in Penaforte/CE (2017–2022)

Penaforte/CE had a reference population (aged 5 or over in 2022) of 8,265 people. In the 2017–2022 five-year period, the municipality received 495 in-migrants and lost 605 out-migrants to other municipalities in Brazil, resulting in a net migration of −110 people (−13.33 per 1,000 population) and a migration effectiveness index (IEM) of −0.100. This classifies the municipality, for the period, as one of migratory depletion.

Indicators

Migration indicators for Penaforte/CE, 2017–2022
Indicator	Estimate	95% CI	Precision
In-migrants	495	344 to 646	use with caution
Out-migrants	605	393 to 817	use with caution
Net migration	−110	−370 to 150	not classified
Net migration rate, TLM (per 1,000 pop.)	−13.33	-	-
Migration effectiveness index (IEM)	−0.100	-	-

Sample of in-migrants: 50-99 observations. Sample of out-migrants: 50-99 observations. 95% confidence interval computed as estimate ± 1.96 × standard error.

Top origins and destinations

Top 10 origins of in-migrants to Penaforte/CE
Origin	People	Precision
Salgueiro/PE · view pair in the atlas	165	low precision
Verdejante/PE · view pair in the atlas	35	low precision

Top 10 destinations of out-migrants from Penaforte/CE
Destination	People	Precision
Salgueiro/PE · view pair in the atlas	130	low precision
Jati/CE · view pair in the atlas	30	low precision
Santa Rosa da Serra/MG · view pair in the atlas	15	low precision

Profile of migrants and residents

In-migrants (arrivals)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
First move from municipality of birth	235	48.0%	20-49
Multi-step migration	185	37.8%	20-49
Return to municipality of birth	70	14.3%	5-19

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	165	47.8%	20-49
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	70	20.3%	5-19
Completed higher education	60	17.4%	5-19
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	50	14.5%	5-19

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
½ to 1 minimum wage	200	40.4%	20-49
¼ to ½ minimum wage	115	23.2%	5-19
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	105	21.2%	5-19
1 to 2 minimum wages	55	11.1%	5-19
Other / suppressed	20	4.0%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	90	18.2%	5-19
Ages 25–39, male	80	16.2%	5-19
Ages 40–59, female	70	14.1%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	60	12.1%	5-19
Ages 60 and over, male	50	10.1%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	45	9.1%	5-19
Ages 5–14, female	35	7.1%	5-19
Other / suppressed	35	7.1%	5-19
Ages 15–24, male	30	6.1%	5-19

Out-migrants (departures)

Migrant type
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Multi-step migration	385	63.6%	50-99
Return to municipality of birth	115	19.0%	5-19
First move from municipality of birth	105	17.4%	5-19

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	200	57.1%	20-49
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	95	27.1%	5-19
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	35	10.0%	5-19
Other / suppressed	20	5.7%	<5

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	195	32.0%	20-49
¼ to ½ minimum wage	180	29.5%	20-49
½ to 1 minimum wage	135	22.1%	20-49
1 to 2 minimum wages	65	10.7%	5-19
Other / suppressed	35	5.7%	<5

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 25–39, female	120	20.0%	5-19
Ages 25–39, male	95	15.8%	5-19
Ages 15–24, female	85	14.2%	5-19
Ages 5–14, male	75	12.5%	5-19
Ages 15–24, male	60	10.0%	5-19
Ages 40–59, female	55	9.2%	5-19
Other / suppressed	45	7.5%	5-19
Ages 40–59, male	35	5.8%	5-19
Ages 5–14, female	30	5.0%	5-19

Non-migrant residents

Educational attainment (people aged 25 and over)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
No schooling or incomplete elementary	2,455	49.0%	100-499
Completed high school, incomplete higher education	1,495	29.8%	100-499
Completed elementary, incomplete high school	620	12.4%	100-499
Completed higher education	445	8.9%	50-99

Household income per capita (in 2022 minimum wages)
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
¼ to ½ minimum wage	2,560	30.2%	100-499
Up to ¼ of a minimum wage	2,455	29.0%	100-499
½ to 1 minimum wage	2,445	28.8%	100-499
1 to 2 minimum wages	765	9.0%	100-499
More than 2 minimum wages	250	2.9%	20-49

Age and sex
Category	Estimate	Share	Sample
Ages 40–59, female	1,030	13.3%	100-499
Ages 40–59, male	975	12.5%	100-499
Ages 25–39, female	930	12.0%	100-499
Ages 25–39, male	895	11.5%	100-499
Ages 15–24, female	735	9.5%	100-499
Ages 15–24, male	720	9.3%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, female	665	8.6%	100-499
Ages 5–14, male	660	8.5%	100-499
Ages 5–14, female	645	8.3%	100-499
Ages 60 and over, male	515	6.6%	100-499

Commuting (work and study)

Commuting indicators for Penaforte/CE
Employed persons (aged 10 and over)	3,005
Commute out to work in another municipality	220
Commute in from another municipality to work here	260
Net commuting	+40
Out-commuting rate (%)	7.33
Commuting attraction index	1.004
Median commuting time	48 min

Open Penaforte/CE in the interactive atlas →

Methodological note

Estimates from the sample microdata of the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE, controlled access), fixed-date migration question (residence on July 31, 2017 compared with residence on July 31, 2022). Every estimate is rounded to multiples of 5 and has passed statistical disclosure control (no cell with fewer than 5 people or 3 sampled households). See the full methodology and the glossary.

How to cite this page

Daniel Pessini Sobreira. Atlas da migração interna no Brasil [Atlas of internal migration in Brazil]: Penaforte/CE. Data from the 2022 Demographic Census (IBGE). Data version: 2026-10-01. Available at: https://atlas-da-migracao.github.io/en/municipio/penaforte-ce-2310605/. Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22469791.